HESI A2 ANATOMY Questions Answers for HESI Entrance Exam

HESI-A2 ANATOMY- Anatomy Questions Practice Test for HESI entrance exam

QUESTIONANSWER
A cut along the median plane; cuts the body into left and right.Sagittal
A cut along the frontal section; cuts the body into anterior and posterior sections.Coronal
A cut through the middle of the body; cuts body into superior and inferior portions.Transverse
This body cavity includes the cranial and spinal cavities.dorsal
This body cavity includes the orbits & the nasal, oral, thoracic & abdominopelvic cavities.Ventral
Study of tissueshistology
Group of cells that act together to perform specific functions.Tissue
The 4 fundamental tissuesepithelial, connective, muscle & nerve
Tissue that covers, lines & protects the body and its internal organsepithelial tissue
Tissue that is the framework of the body, providing support & structure for the organs.connective tissue
Tissue composed of neurons & connective tissue cells that are called neuralgianerve tissue
Tissue that has the ability to contract or shorten; it is classified as voluntary or involuntary.muscle tissue
voluntary muscle tissueskeletal muscle tissue
Involuntary muscle tissuesmooth muscle & cardiac muscle tissue
Basic unit of life; building block of tissues and organscell
______ include the enzymes that regulate all chemical reactions in the body.proteins
Where does meiosis take place?gonads
Mucous, serous, synovial & cutaneous are membranes composed mainly of ______ tissueEpithelial
What is replaced by bone during embryonic development?cartilage
______ is mainly found in joints, thorax & various rigid tubules.Cartilage
The largest organ of the bodyskin
Layer of skin that rests on the subcu. tissue that connects the skin to superficial muscles.dermis
Name the layers of the epidermis from the outer layer to the inner layer:Stratum corneum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum granulosum, stratum germinativum
Layer of epidermis where mitosis occursstratum germinativum
Protein pigment that protects against the suns radiationmelanin
The layer of skin composed of fibrous connective tissue with blood vessels, sensory nerve endings, hair follicles & glands.dermis
Two types of sweat glandseccrine & apcorine
Sweat gland that regulates body temperature by releasing a watery secretion that evaporates from the surface of the skin.eccrine
Sweat glands that are mainly in the groin and armpits and contain bits of cytoplasm in the secretionapocrine
The ______ skeleton is make up of the pelvic girdle (os coxae) & the lower extremity.lower appendicular skeleton
List the bones of the os coxaeilium, ischium, & pubis
Muscle contraction results from the sliding together of what 2 filaments within the muscle cell or fiber?actin & myosin
What are myofibrils made up of?sarcomeres
What must be present for muscles to contract?ATP & calcium
Skeletal muscle = ______ musclevoluntary
Muscles that work in coordination with primary movers.Synergists
Muscles that reduce the angle at the joint.flexors
Muscles that increase the angle at the joint.extensors
The ______ system is made up of the brain, spinal cord & nerves.nervous
What are the main parts of a neuron?cell body, dendrite, axon
______ of a neuron transmit impulse toward the body of the cell.dendrites
______ of a neuron transmits impulses away from the cell body.axon
The 2 parts of the nervous systemCNS & PNS
The division of the nervous system that consists of all of the nerves that transmit info to & from the central nervous system.PNS
2 divisions of the PNSSensory (afferent) neurons & Motor (efferent) neurons
Neurons that transmit nerve impulses towards the CNS.sensory (afferent) neurons
Neurons that carry nerve impulses away from the CNS, and toward the effector organs such as muscles, glands & digestive organsmotor (efferent) neurons
The major parts of the braincerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata
Part of the brain associated with movement & sensory inputcerebrum
Part of the brain responsible for muscular coordinationcerebellum
Part of the brain that controls many vital functions such as respiration & heart ratemedulla oblongata
How long is the spinal cord?18 inches
The spine extends from the ______ to the ______.foramen magnum (base of the skull), L1 or L2
There are ______ pairs of spinal nerves that exit the spinal cord.31
The reflexes in which nerve impulses travel through the spinal cord only & don’t reach the brain.Simple reflexes
The impulses that enter the dorsal horns of the spinal cord.sensory
The impulses that leave through the ventral horns of the spinal cordmotor
The system that assists the nervous system with homeostasisendocrine system
The system that plays important roles in growth and sexual maturationendocrine system
The gland that governs the pituitary & is controlled by the feedback of hormones in the blood.hypothalamus
Chemical messengers that control growth, differentiation & metabolism of specific target cells.hormones
2 major groups of hormonessteroid hormones & protein hormones
The hormones that enter the target cells and have direct effect on DNA of the nucleus.Steroid hormones
The hormones that remain at cell surface and act through a second messenger AMPProtein hormones
Hormones affect cell activity by altering the rate of __________.protein synthesis
The cortisol released from the adrenal cortex reduces ______, raises ______ and inhibits release of _______.body temperature, blood sugar level, histamine
The master glandpituitary gland
The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus by the ________.infundibulum
2 major portion of the pituitary glandanterior lobe (adenohypophysis) & posterior lobe (neurohypophysis).
Hormones of the adenohypophysistropic hormones
STH, GH, ACTH, THS, FSH, LH are all hormones of _________.anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)
Oxytocin & ADH are hormones of ______.posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)
Whole blood: ______ whole blood & ______ formed parts.55%, 45%
What make up the formed elements of blood?erythrocytes, leukocytes & platelets
What are ways to distinguish leukocytes?size, nucleus, staining properties, & presence/absence of visual cytoplasmic granules
Leukocytes are active in ______ & ______.phagocytosis & antibody formation
_____ are active in blood clotting.platelets
Blood serves to transport _____ & _____ to body cells and to carry away ______ & ______.oxygen & nutrients; CO2 & metabolic wastes
______ contains 10% proteins, ions, nutrients, waste products & hormones.proteins
Double pump organheart
The heart sends blood to the lungs for ______ through the pulmonary circuit & to the remainder through the ______ circuit.oxygenation; systemic circuit
Where blood is receivedatria
After blood is received by the atria, it is pumped into circulation by the ______.ventricles
Valve on the right side of the hearttricuspid
Valve on the left side of the heartbicuspid
_______ valves are found at the entrances of the pulmonary trunk & aorta.Semilunar
Blood is supplied to the myocardium (heart muscle) by the ______.coronary arteries
Blood drains from the myocardium directly into the right atrium through the _______.coronary sinus
The hears intrinsic beat is initiated by the ______.SA node
Device that measures the hearts wave of electrical activityECG
The period from the end of one ventricular contraction to the end of the next ventricular contraction.cardiac cycle
The contraction phase of ventricular cyclesystole
The relaxation phase of ventricular contractiondiastole
carry blood away from the heartarteries
carry blood toward the heartveins
Microscopic vessels through which exchanges take place between the blood & cells of the bodycapillaries
The systemic arteries begin with the ______, which sends branches to all parts of the body.aorta
The smallest arteriesarterioles
As arteries get further away from the heart, they become ______.thinner
The large veins that empty into the right atrium of the heart.superior & inferior venae cavae
The walls of the ______ are thick & elastic and carry blood under high pressure.arteries
Vasoconstriction & vasodilation result from constriction & relaxation of ________ in the arterial walls.smooth muscle
Vasoconstriction & vasodilation influence _____ & blood distribution to ________.blood pressure; tissues
Walls of ________ are thinner, less elastic & carry blood under lower pressure than arteries.veins
Mechanisms that help draw venous blood back to the heart: (3)Pressure of skeletal muscle on veins; expansion of the chest during inhalation; valves in veins of legs that keep blood moving in a forward direction
Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, diaphragm, muscles around the ribs & alveoli are all components of the ________ system.respirator system
What part of the brain controls respiration?medulla
The exchange of gases between the atmosphere and blood through alveoli.external respiration
The exchange of gasses between blood and body cells.internal respiration
_______ passage ways of the nasal cavity serves to warm, filter and moisten incoming air.Upper
The upper respiratory tubules are lined with ________ that keep dirt & debris from entering the lungs.cilia
The contraction of the diaphragm to enlarge the chest cavity & draw air into the lungs.inhalation
The process during which the lungs recoil as the respiratory muscles relax and the thorax decreases in size.exhalation
Apocrine glands secretion traps debris & bacteria causing _________.odor
Glands that release sebum through the hair follicles that lubricates the skin & prevents drying.Sebaceous gland
Oil is produced by ______ secretion.holocrine
Bones are classified by ______.shape
What kind of bone has an irregular epiphysis at each end, composed mainly of spongy bone & a shaft (diaphysis) composed of compact bonelong bone
Cells that form compact boneosteoblasts
Axial skeleton consists of ______ bones of the skull.28
The bones of the axial skeleton are categorized as ______.14 facial bones & 14 cranium bones
List the 14 facial bones2 nasal bones, 2 maxillary bones, 2 zygomatic bones, one mandible, 2 palatine bones, 1 vomer, 2 lacrimal bones, 2 inferior nasal conchae
14 bones of the craniumoccipital, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, and the ossicles of the ear (mallus, incus, stapes)
The axial skeleton also holds ______ bones of the vertebral column.33
# of cervical vertebrae7
# of thoracic vertebrae12
# of lumbar vertebrae5
# of sacral vertebrae5
Another name for coccygeal bonetail bone
Skeleton that houses girdles & limbsappendicular skeleton
The pectoral/shoulder girdle, clavicle, scapula & upper extremity are housed in the __________.upper appendicular skeleton
Most of the oxygen carried in the blood is bound to _________ in RBC’s.hemoglobin
Regulator of blood pHCO2
The digestive tubealimentary canal
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, recutm & anus are components of the ____________.alimentary canal/digestive tract
Accessory organs of digestionliver, pancreas, gallbladder
Mechanical process of breaking down food with the teeth & tonguemastication
Substance that lubricates & dilutes chewed foodsaliva
Enzyme in saliva that starts digestion of complex carbohydratesamylase
A ball of foodbolus
Narrow tube leading from the pharynx to stomachesophagus
4 main layers of the digestive tract (inner to outer)mucous membrane, submucous layer, muscular layer and serous layer
After food enters the stomach, gastric glands secrete ________ that breaks down food.hydrocholoric acid
The stomach churns & mixes the bolus, turning it into a soupy substance called ______.chyme
the stomach regulates the movement of food into the ______.small intestine
Where does digestion & absorption of food occur?small intestine
Digestion in the small intestine is acted on by enzymes from _______ & ______ and by bile from the ______.small intestine & pancreas; liver
The ________ contributes water to dilute chyme & bicarbonate ions to neutralize the acid from the stomach.pancreas
Regions of the small intestineduodenum, jejunum, ileum
Nutrients are absorbed through the wall of the __________.small intestine
The amino acids & simple sugars derived from proteins & carbohydrates are absorbed directly into ________.blood
Most fats are absorbed into the lymph by the ________.lacteals
After fats are absorbed & added to the blood stream, all nutrients enter the ________ to be routed to the _______ for decontamination.hepatic portal vein; liver
small finger-like projections that greatly increase surface area of the intestinal wallvilli
Digestive organ that reabsorbs water and stores & eliminates undigested food.large intestine
Abundant bacteria of the large intestineintestinal flora
Portions of the large intestineascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum
opening for defecatinganus
parts of the urinary system2 ureters, 2 kidneys, urethra, and urinary bladder
The tubes that transport urine to the urinary bladderureters
The place where urine is storedurinary bladder
How urine exits the bodyurethra
Functional units of the kidneynephrons
Nephrons are small coiled tubules that filter waste material out of the blood brought to the kidney by the ________.renal artery
the filtration process occurs through the ________ in the bowmans capsule of the nephron.glomerulus
Filtration of the blood occurs under the force of _______.blood pressure
As the glomerular filtrate passes through the nephron, components needed by the body leave the nephron by _______ & reenter the blood.diffusion
Water is reabsorbed at the _______ of the nephron.tubules
What is the final product of the nephrons?urine
2 functions of the reproductive systemproduction of gamates; production of hormones
Functions of the sex organs are under control by ______ hormones.tropic
reproductive activity is ______ in women and ________ in men.cyclic; continuous
What are gamates formed by?meiosis
Where do spermatozoa develop?seminiferous tubules of each testis
The interstitial cells between the seminiferous tubules, produce _________.testosterone
Hormone that influences sperm cell development and produces body hair and deep voice.testosterone
Where are sperm stored?epididymis
Pathway for sperm during ejaculationvas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra
Glands that produce semenseminal vesicles, prostate gland, cowpers gland
Hormones that control testicular activityFSH & LH
Hormone that stimulates sperm productionFSH
Hormone that stimulates intersitial cells to produce testosterone.LH
__________ produced by the follicle initiates the preparation of the endometrium of the uterus for pregnancy.estrogen
At day ______ of the cycle, LH is released from the _______, which stimulates ovulation and the coversion of the follicle to the _______.14; pituitary; corpus luteum
What hormone is secreted by the corpus luteum?progesterone
After ovulation, the egg is swept into the __________.fallopian tube
If fertilization occurs, it occurs while the egg is in the ________.oviduct
Name for a fertilized eggzygote
In the uterus, the developing embryo is nourished by the ______, which is formed by materials and embryonic tissues.placenta
Cavity composed of the abdomen & pelvisabdominopelvic cavity
Movement of nutrients from the digestive tube into the bloodstream.absorption
Protein making up the I band of the sarcomereactin
Building block of proteinsamino acid
Special proteins that protect the body from foreign substances.antibody
Adenosine triphosphate, which is the energy of the cellATP
Upper chambers of the heartatria
Product of the liver that emulsifies fatbile
Tissue made of cells & fibers that connect and supportcartilage
Gland of the ear that produces earwaxCeruminous gland
Bodies within the nucleus made of DNA and proteins called histones.chromosomes
Nervous system made up of the brain & spinal cordCNS
Imaginary line passing through the body from head to toe that divides the body into front & back portionscoronal plane
Body containing the braincranial cavity
Dome-shaped breathing muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities.diaphragm
Movement of materials from high concentration to lower concentrationdiffusion
The mechanical and chemical breakdown of fooddigestion
Crescent-shaped projection of gray matter within the spinal cord where sensory neurons enter the spinal corddorsal horn
Prenatal development time between the zygote and the fetusembryo
Inner lining of the uterusendometrium
Functional proteins; names usually end in -aseenzymes
A passage in the skull bone through which the spinal cord enters the spinal columnforamen magnum
The blood cellsformed elements
Simple sugar found in certain foods, especially fruitsglucose
Physiologic steady state that is naturally maintained within the bodyhomeostasis
Portion of the brain that regulates body temperature, sleep and appetitehypothalamus
Articulates between adjoining bonesjoints
Though, fibrous, insoluble protein forming the primary component of skin, hair, nails and tooth enamelkeratin
Dead cells of the epidermiskeratinized epithelium
Found within the villi of intestinal wall, where fat nutrients are absorbedlacteal vessel
Tissue connecting bone to boneligaments
An imaginary line dividing the body into left and right portionsmedian plane
Space within the thoracic cavity that houses all the organs of the chest except the lungsmediastinum
Thin sheets of tissue cells that line the body openings or canals that open to the outside of the body.Mucous membrane
Protein that makes up nearly half of the proteins in muscle cellsmyosin
Mouth; AKA buccal cavityoral cavity
Cavities surrounding the eyesorbits
Structurally discrete component of a cell that performs a specific functionorganelle
Measurement associated with acids and basespH
Engulfing of materials by certain cells of the bodyphagocytosis
Liquid portion of the bloodplasma
Blood flow through a network of vessels between the heart and the lungs for the oxygenation of blood and the removal of CO2Pulmonary circulation
Organelle of the cell where protein synthesis takes placeribosomes
An imaginary line running from the front to back that divides the body into left and right sections.sagittal plane
Organelle of the muscle fiber that stores calcium.sarcoplasmic reticulum
Oil glands of the skinsebaceous glands
Thin sheets of tissue that line body cavities not having to exist to the outsideserous membrane
The backbone that protects the spinal cord, which runs inside of it.Spinal column
Layer of tissue under the dermis that contains adipose tissuesubcutaneous tissue
Sweat glandssudiferous glands
Loose, connective tissue that lines the joint cavitysynovial membrane
General blood circulation of the body, not including the lungssystemic circulation
The chest cavitythoracic cavity
Imaginary line dividing the body into top and bottom portionstransverse plane
Narrowing of the diameter of a blood vesselvasoconstriction
Widening of the diameter of a blood vesselvasodilation
Anterior columns of the gray matter of the spinal cordVentral horns
Lower chambers of the heartventricles
The fertilized egg, from the time it is fertilized until its implanted into the urteruszygote
The ankle is ______ in relation to the knee.distal
The serous membrane surrounding the heart.pericardium
The actively mitotic layer of the epidermis.stratum germinativum
What is the total number of phalanges?56
the flexor carpi ulnaris located?wrist
The master glandpituitary
The largest gland of the human bodyliver
The storage area of urineurinary bladder
The portion of the uterus under direct hormonal effect.endometrium.
The contraction of the diaphragm to enlarge the chest cavity and draw air into the lungsinhalation
The process during which the lungs recoil as the respiratory muscles relax and the thorax decreases in size.exhalation
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