HESI-A2 ANATOMY- Anatomy Questions Practice Test for HESI entrance exam
| QUESTION | ANSWER |
| A cut along the median plane; cuts the body into left and right. | Sagittal |
| A cut along the frontal section; cuts the body into anterior and posterior sections. | Coronal |
| A cut through the middle of the body; cuts body into superior and inferior portions. | Transverse |
| This body cavity includes the cranial and spinal cavities. | dorsal |
| This body cavity includes the orbits & the nasal, oral, thoracic & abdominopelvic cavities. | Ventral |
| Study of tissues | histology |
| Group of cells that act together to perform specific functions. | Tissue |
| The 4 fundamental tissues | epithelial, connective, muscle & nerve |
| Tissue that covers, lines & protects the body and its internal organs | epithelial tissue |
| Tissue that is the framework of the body, providing support & structure for the organs. | connective tissue |
| Tissue composed of neurons & connective tissue cells that are called neuralgia | nerve tissue |
| Tissue that has the ability to contract or shorten; it is classified as voluntary or involuntary. | muscle tissue |
| voluntary muscle tissue | skeletal muscle tissue |
| Involuntary muscle tissue | smooth muscle & cardiac muscle tissue |
| Basic unit of life; building block of tissues and organs | cell |
| ______ include the enzymes that regulate all chemical reactions in the body. | proteins |
| Where does meiosis take place? | gonads |
| Mucous, serous, synovial & cutaneous are membranes composed mainly of ______ tissue | Epithelial |
| What is replaced by bone during embryonic development? | cartilage |
| ______ is mainly found in joints, thorax & various rigid tubules. | Cartilage |
| The largest organ of the body | skin |
| Layer of skin that rests on the subcu. tissue that connects the skin to superficial muscles. | dermis |
| Name the layers of the epidermis from the outer layer to the inner layer: | Stratum corneum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum granulosum, stratum germinativum |
| Layer of epidermis where mitosis occurs | stratum germinativum |
| Protein pigment that protects against the suns radiation | melanin |
| The layer of skin composed of fibrous connective tissue with blood vessels, sensory nerve endings, hair follicles & glands. | dermis |
| Two types of sweat glands | eccrine & apcorine |
| Sweat gland that regulates body temperature by releasing a watery secretion that evaporates from the surface of the skin. | eccrine |
| Sweat glands that are mainly in the groin and armpits and contain bits of cytoplasm in the secretion | apocrine |
| The ______ skeleton is make up of the pelvic girdle (os coxae) & the lower extremity. | lower appendicular skeleton |
| List the bones of the os coxae | ilium, ischium, & pubis |
| Muscle contraction results from the sliding together of what 2 filaments within the muscle cell or fiber? | actin & myosin |
| What are myofibrils made up of? | sarcomeres |
| What must be present for muscles to contract? | ATP & calcium |
| Skeletal muscle = ______ muscle | voluntary |
| Muscles that work in coordination with primary movers. | Synergists |
| Muscles that reduce the angle at the joint. | flexors |
| Muscles that increase the angle at the joint. | extensors |
| The ______ system is made up of the brain, spinal cord & nerves. | nervous |
| What are the main parts of a neuron? | cell body, dendrite, axon |
| ______ of a neuron transmit impulse toward the body of the cell. | dendrites |
| ______ of a neuron transmits impulses away from the cell body. | axon |
| The 2 parts of the nervous system | CNS & PNS |
| The division of the nervous system that consists of all of the nerves that transmit info to & from the central nervous system. | PNS |
| 2 divisions of the PNS | Sensory (afferent) neurons & Motor (efferent) neurons |
| Neurons that transmit nerve impulses towards the CNS. | sensory (afferent) neurons |
| Neurons that carry nerve impulses away from the CNS, and toward the effector organs such as muscles, glands & digestive organs | motor (efferent) neurons |
| The major parts of the brain | cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata |
| Part of the brain associated with movement & sensory input | cerebrum |
| Part of the brain responsible for muscular coordination | cerebellum |
| Part of the brain that controls many vital functions such as respiration & heart rate | medulla oblongata |
| How long is the spinal cord? | 18 inches |
| The spine extends from the ______ to the ______. | foramen magnum (base of the skull), L1 or L2 |
| There are ______ pairs of spinal nerves that exit the spinal cord. | 31 |
| The reflexes in which nerve impulses travel through the spinal cord only & don’t reach the brain. | Simple reflexes |
| The impulses that enter the dorsal horns of the spinal cord. | sensory |
| The impulses that leave through the ventral horns of the spinal cord | motor |
| The system that assists the nervous system with homeostasis | endocrine system |
| The system that plays important roles in growth and sexual maturation | endocrine system |
| The gland that governs the pituitary & is controlled by the feedback of hormones in the blood. | hypothalamus |
| Chemical messengers that control growth, differentiation & metabolism of specific target cells. | hormones |
| 2 major groups of hormones | steroid hormones & protein hormones |
| The hormones that enter the target cells and have direct effect on DNA of the nucleus. | Steroid hormones |
| The hormones that remain at cell surface and act through a second messenger AMP | Protein hormones |
| Hormones affect cell activity by altering the rate of __________. | protein synthesis |
| The cortisol released from the adrenal cortex reduces ______, raises ______ and inhibits release of _______. | body temperature, blood sugar level, histamine |
| The master gland | pituitary gland |
| The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus by the ________. | infundibulum |
| 2 major portion of the pituitary gland | anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) & posterior lobe (neurohypophysis). |
| Hormones of the adenohypophysis | tropic hormones |
| STH, GH, ACTH, THS, FSH, LH are all hormones of _________. | anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) |
| Oxytocin & ADH are hormones of ______. | posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) |
| Whole blood: ______ whole blood & ______ formed parts. | 55%, 45% |
| What make up the formed elements of blood? | erythrocytes, leukocytes & platelets |
| What are ways to distinguish leukocytes? | size, nucleus, staining properties, & presence/absence of visual cytoplasmic granules |
| Leukocytes are active in ______ & ______. | phagocytosis & antibody formation |
| _____ are active in blood clotting. | platelets |
| Blood serves to transport _____ & _____ to body cells and to carry away ______ & ______. | oxygen & nutrients; CO2 & metabolic wastes |
| ______ contains 10% proteins, ions, nutrients, waste products & hormones. | proteins |
| Double pump organ | heart |
| The heart sends blood to the lungs for ______ through the pulmonary circuit & to the remainder through the ______ circuit. | oxygenation; systemic circuit |
| Where blood is received | atria |
| After blood is received by the atria, it is pumped into circulation by the ______. | ventricles |
| Valve on the right side of the heart | tricuspid |
| Valve on the left side of the heart | bicuspid |
| _______ valves are found at the entrances of the pulmonary trunk & aorta. | Semilunar |
| Blood is supplied to the myocardium (heart muscle) by the ______. | coronary arteries |
| Blood drains from the myocardium directly into the right atrium through the _______. | coronary sinus |
| The hears intrinsic beat is initiated by the ______. | SA node |
| Device that measures the hearts wave of electrical activity | ECG |
| The period from the end of one ventricular contraction to the end of the next ventricular contraction. | cardiac cycle |
| The contraction phase of ventricular cycle | systole |
| The relaxation phase of ventricular contraction | diastole |
| carry blood away from the heart | arteries |
| carry blood toward the heart | veins |
| Microscopic vessels through which exchanges take place between the blood & cells of the body | capillaries |
| The systemic arteries begin with the ______, which sends branches to all parts of the body. | aorta |
| The smallest arteries | arterioles |
| As arteries get further away from the heart, they become ______. | thinner |
| The large veins that empty into the right atrium of the heart. | superior & inferior venae cavae |
| The walls of the ______ are thick & elastic and carry blood under high pressure. | arteries |
| Vasoconstriction & vasodilation result from constriction & relaxation of ________ in the arterial walls. | smooth muscle |
| Vasoconstriction & vasodilation influence _____ & blood distribution to ________. | blood pressure; tissues |
| Walls of ________ are thinner, less elastic & carry blood under lower pressure than arteries. | veins |
| Mechanisms that help draw venous blood back to the heart: (3) | Pressure of skeletal muscle on veins; expansion of the chest during inhalation; valves in veins of legs that keep blood moving in a forward direction |
| Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, diaphragm, muscles around the ribs & alveoli are all components of the ________ system. | respirator system |
| What part of the brain controls respiration? | medulla |
| The exchange of gases between the atmosphere and blood through alveoli. | external respiration |
| The exchange of gasses between blood and body cells. | internal respiration |
| _______ passage ways of the nasal cavity serves to warm, filter and moisten incoming air. | Upper |
| The upper respiratory tubules are lined with ________ that keep dirt & debris from entering the lungs. | cilia |
| The contraction of the diaphragm to enlarge the chest cavity & draw air into the lungs. | inhalation |
| The process during which the lungs recoil as the respiratory muscles relax and the thorax decreases in size. | exhalation |
| Apocrine glands secretion traps debris & bacteria causing _________. | odor |
| Glands that release sebum through the hair follicles that lubricates the skin & prevents drying. | Sebaceous gland |
| Oil is produced by ______ secretion. | holocrine |
| Bones are classified by ______. | shape |
| What kind of bone has an irregular epiphysis at each end, composed mainly of spongy bone & a shaft (diaphysis) composed of compact bone | long bone |
| Cells that form compact bone | osteoblasts |
| Axial skeleton consists of ______ bones of the skull. | 28 |
| The bones of the axial skeleton are categorized as ______. | 14 facial bones & 14 cranium bones |
| List the 14 facial bones | 2 nasal bones, 2 maxillary bones, 2 zygomatic bones, one mandible, 2 palatine bones, 1 vomer, 2 lacrimal bones, 2 inferior nasal conchae |
| 14 bones of the cranium | occipital, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, and the ossicles of the ear (mallus, incus, stapes) |
| The axial skeleton also holds ______ bones of the vertebral column. | 33 |
| # of cervical vertebrae | 7 |
| # of thoracic vertebrae | 12 |
| # of lumbar vertebrae | 5 |
| # of sacral vertebrae | 5 |
| Another name for coccygeal bone | tail bone |
| Skeleton that houses girdles & limbs | appendicular skeleton |
| The pectoral/shoulder girdle, clavicle, scapula & upper extremity are housed in the __________. | upper appendicular skeleton |
| Most of the oxygen carried in the blood is bound to _________ in RBC’s. | hemoglobin |
| Regulator of blood pH | CO2 |
| The digestive tube | alimentary canal |
| Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, recutm & anus are components of the ____________. | alimentary canal/digestive tract |
| Accessory organs of digestion | liver, pancreas, gallbladder |
| Mechanical process of breaking down food with the teeth & tongue | mastication |
| Substance that lubricates & dilutes chewed food | saliva |
| Enzyme in saliva that starts digestion of complex carbohydrates | amylase |
| A ball of food | bolus |
| Narrow tube leading from the pharynx to stomach | esophagus |
| 4 main layers of the digestive tract (inner to outer) | mucous membrane, submucous layer, muscular layer and serous layer |
| After food enters the stomach, gastric glands secrete ________ that breaks down food. | hydrocholoric acid |
| The stomach churns & mixes the bolus, turning it into a soupy substance called ______. | chyme |
| the stomach regulates the movement of food into the ______. | small intestine |
| Where does digestion & absorption of food occur? | small intestine |
| Digestion in the small intestine is acted on by enzymes from _______ & ______ and by bile from the ______. | small intestine & pancreas; liver |
| The ________ contributes water to dilute chyme & bicarbonate ions to neutralize the acid from the stomach. | pancreas |
| Regions of the small intestine | duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
| Nutrients are absorbed through the wall of the __________. | small intestine |
| The amino acids & simple sugars derived from proteins & carbohydrates are absorbed directly into ________. | blood |
| Most fats are absorbed into the lymph by the ________. | lacteals |
| After fats are absorbed & added to the blood stream, all nutrients enter the ________ to be routed to the _______ for decontamination. | hepatic portal vein; liver |
| small finger-like projections that greatly increase surface area of the intestinal wall | villi |
| Digestive organ that reabsorbs water and stores & eliminates undigested food. | large intestine |
| Abundant bacteria of the large intestine | intestinal flora |
| Portions of the large intestine | ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum |
| opening for defecating | anus |
| parts of the urinary system | 2 ureters, 2 kidneys, urethra, and urinary bladder |
| The tubes that transport urine to the urinary bladder | ureters |
| The place where urine is stored | urinary bladder |
| How urine exits the body | urethra |
| Functional units of the kidney | nephrons |
| Nephrons are small coiled tubules that filter waste material out of the blood brought to the kidney by the ________. | renal artery |
| the filtration process occurs through the ________ in the bowmans capsule of the nephron. | glomerulus |
| Filtration of the blood occurs under the force of _______. | blood pressure |
| As the glomerular filtrate passes through the nephron, components needed by the body leave the nephron by _______ & reenter the blood. | diffusion |
| Water is reabsorbed at the _______ of the nephron. | tubules |
| What is the final product of the nephrons? | urine |
| 2 functions of the reproductive system | production of gamates; production of hormones |
| Functions of the sex organs are under control by ______ hormones. | tropic |
| reproductive activity is ______ in women and ________ in men. | cyclic; continuous |
| What are gamates formed by? | meiosis |
| Where do spermatozoa develop? | seminiferous tubules of each testis |
| The interstitial cells between the seminiferous tubules, produce _________. | testosterone |
| Hormone that influences sperm cell development and produces body hair and deep voice. | testosterone |
| Where are sperm stored? | epididymis |
| Pathway for sperm during ejaculation | vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra |
| Glands that produce semen | seminal vesicles, prostate gland, cowpers gland |
| Hormones that control testicular activity | FSH & LH |
| Hormone that stimulates sperm production | FSH |
| Hormone that stimulates intersitial cells to produce testosterone. | LH |
| __________ produced by the follicle initiates the preparation of the endometrium of the uterus for pregnancy. | estrogen |
| At day ______ of the cycle, LH is released from the _______, which stimulates ovulation and the coversion of the follicle to the _______. | 14; pituitary; corpus luteum |
| What hormone is secreted by the corpus luteum? | progesterone |
| After ovulation, the egg is swept into the __________. | fallopian tube |
| If fertilization occurs, it occurs while the egg is in the ________. | oviduct |
| Name for a fertilized egg | zygote |
| In the uterus, the developing embryo is nourished by the ______, which is formed by materials and embryonic tissues. | placenta |
| Cavity composed of the abdomen & pelvis | abdominopelvic cavity |
| Movement of nutrients from the digestive tube into the bloodstream. | absorption |
| Protein making up the I band of the sarcomere | actin |
| Building block of proteins | amino acid |
| Special proteins that protect the body from foreign substances. | antibody |
| Adenosine triphosphate, which is the energy of the cell | ATP |
| Upper chambers of the heart | atria |
| Product of the liver that emulsifies fat | bile |
| Tissue made of cells & fibers that connect and support | cartilage |
| Gland of the ear that produces earwax | Ceruminous gland |
| Bodies within the nucleus made of DNA and proteins called histones. | chromosomes |
| Nervous system made up of the brain & spinal cord | CNS |
| Imaginary line passing through the body from head to toe that divides the body into front & back portions | coronal plane |
| Body containing the brain | cranial cavity |
| Dome-shaped breathing muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. | diaphragm |
| Movement of materials from high concentration to lower concentration | diffusion |
| The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food | digestion |
| Crescent-shaped projection of gray matter within the spinal cord where sensory neurons enter the spinal cord | dorsal horn |
| Prenatal development time between the zygote and the fetus | embryo |
| Inner lining of the uterus | endometrium |
| Functional proteins; names usually end in -ase | enzymes |
| A passage in the skull bone through which the spinal cord enters the spinal column | foramen magnum |
| The blood cells | formed elements |
| Simple sugar found in certain foods, especially fruits | glucose |
| Physiologic steady state that is naturally maintained within the body | homeostasis |
| Portion of the brain that regulates body temperature, sleep and appetite | hypothalamus |
| Articulates between adjoining bones | joints |
| Though, fibrous, insoluble protein forming the primary component of skin, hair, nails and tooth enamel | keratin |
| Dead cells of the epidermis | keratinized epithelium |
| Found within the villi of intestinal wall, where fat nutrients are absorbed | lacteal vessel |
| Tissue connecting bone to bone | ligaments |
| An imaginary line dividing the body into left and right portions | median plane |
| Space within the thoracic cavity that houses all the organs of the chest except the lungs | mediastinum |
| Thin sheets of tissue cells that line the body openings or canals that open to the outside of the body. | Mucous membrane |
| Protein that makes up nearly half of the proteins in muscle cells | myosin |
| Mouth; AKA buccal cavity | oral cavity |
| Cavities surrounding the eyes | orbits |
| Structurally discrete component of a cell that performs a specific function | organelle |
| Measurement associated with acids and bases | pH |
| Engulfing of materials by certain cells of the body | phagocytosis |
| Liquid portion of the blood | plasma |
| Blood flow through a network of vessels between the heart and the lungs for the oxygenation of blood and the removal of CO2 | Pulmonary circulation |
| Organelle of the cell where protein synthesis takes place | ribosomes |
| An imaginary line running from the front to back that divides the body into left and right sections. | sagittal plane |
| Organelle of the muscle fiber that stores calcium. | sarcoplasmic reticulum |
| Oil glands of the skin | sebaceous glands |
| Thin sheets of tissue that line body cavities not having to exist to the outside | serous membrane |
| The backbone that protects the spinal cord, which runs inside of it. | Spinal column |
| Layer of tissue under the dermis that contains adipose tissue | subcutaneous tissue |
| Sweat glands | sudiferous glands |
| Loose, connective tissue that lines the joint cavity | synovial membrane |
| General blood circulation of the body, not including the lungs | systemic circulation |
| The chest cavity | thoracic cavity |
| Imaginary line dividing the body into top and bottom portions | transverse plane |
| Narrowing of the diameter of a blood vessel | vasoconstriction |
| Widening of the diameter of a blood vessel | vasodilation |
| Anterior columns of the gray matter of the spinal cord | Ventral horns |
| Lower chambers of the heart | ventricles |
| The fertilized egg, from the time it is fertilized until its implanted into the urterus | zygote |
| The ankle is ______ in relation to the knee. | distal |
| The serous membrane surrounding the heart. | pericardium |
| The actively mitotic layer of the epidermis. | stratum germinativum |
| What is the total number of phalanges? | 56 |
| the flexor carpi ulnaris located? | wrist |
| The master gland | pituitary |
| The largest gland of the human body | liver |
| The storage area of urine | urinary bladder |
| The portion of the uterus under direct hormonal effect. | endometrium. |
| The contraction of the diaphragm to enlarge the chest cavity and draw air into the lungs | inhalation |
| The process during which the lungs recoil as the respiratory muscles relax and the thorax decreases in size. | exhalation |