HESI-A2 ANATOMY- Anatomy Questions Practice Test for HESI entrance exam
QUESTION | ANSWER |
A cut along the median plane; cuts the body into left and right. | Sagittal |
A cut along the frontal section; cuts the body into anterior and posterior sections. | Coronal |
A cut through the middle of the body; cuts body into superior and inferior portions. | Transverse |
This body cavity includes the cranial and spinal cavities. | dorsal |
This body cavity includes the orbits & the nasal, oral, thoracic & abdominopelvic cavities. | Ventral |
Study of tissues | histology |
Group of cells that act together to perform specific functions. | Tissue |
The 4 fundamental tissues | epithelial, connective, muscle & nerve |
Tissue that covers, lines & protects the body and its internal organs | epithelial tissue |
Tissue that is the framework of the body, providing support & structure for the organs. | connective tissue |
Tissue composed of neurons & connective tissue cells that are called neuralgia | nerve tissue |
Tissue that has the ability to contract or shorten; it is classified as voluntary or involuntary. | muscle tissue |
voluntary muscle tissue | skeletal muscle tissue |
Involuntary muscle tissue | smooth muscle & cardiac muscle tissue |
Basic unit of life; building block of tissues and organs | cell |
______ include the enzymes that regulate all chemical reactions in the body. | proteins |
Where does meiosis take place? | gonads |
Mucous, serous, synovial & cutaneous are membranes composed mainly of ______ tissue | Epithelial |
What is replaced by bone during embryonic development? | cartilage |
______ is mainly found in joints, thorax & various rigid tubules. | Cartilage |
The largest organ of the body | skin |
Layer of skin that rests on the subcu. tissue that connects the skin to superficial muscles. | dermis |
Name the layers of the epidermis from the outer layer to the inner layer: | Stratum corneum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum granulosum, stratum germinativum |
Layer of epidermis where mitosis occurs | stratum germinativum |
Protein pigment that protects against the suns radiation | melanin |
The layer of skin composed of fibrous connective tissue with blood vessels, sensory nerve endings, hair follicles & glands. | dermis |
Two types of sweat glands | eccrine & apcorine |
Sweat gland that regulates body temperature by releasing a watery secretion that evaporates from the surface of the skin. | eccrine |
Sweat glands that are mainly in the groin and armpits and contain bits of cytoplasm in the secretion | apocrine |
The ______ skeleton is make up of the pelvic girdle (os coxae) & the lower extremity. | lower appendicular skeleton |
List the bones of the os coxae | ilium, ischium, & pubis |
Muscle contraction results from the sliding together of what 2 filaments within the muscle cell or fiber? | actin & myosin |
What are myofibrils made up of? | sarcomeres |
What must be present for muscles to contract? | ATP & calcium |
Skeletal muscle = ______ muscle | voluntary |
Muscles that work in coordination with primary movers. | Synergists |
Muscles that reduce the angle at the joint. | flexors |
Muscles that increase the angle at the joint. | extensors |
The ______ system is made up of the brain, spinal cord & nerves. | nervous |
What are the main parts of a neuron? | cell body, dendrite, axon |
______ of a neuron transmit impulse toward the body of the cell. | dendrites |
______ of a neuron transmits impulses away from the cell body. | axon |
The 2 parts of the nervous system | CNS & PNS |
The division of the nervous system that consists of all of the nerves that transmit info to & from the central nervous system. | PNS |
2 divisions of the PNS | Sensory (afferent) neurons & Motor (efferent) neurons |
Neurons that transmit nerve impulses towards the CNS. | sensory (afferent) neurons |
Neurons that carry nerve impulses away from the CNS, and toward the effector organs such as muscles, glands & digestive organs | motor (efferent) neurons |
The major parts of the brain | cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata |
Part of the brain associated with movement & sensory input | cerebrum |
Part of the brain responsible for muscular coordination | cerebellum |
Part of the brain that controls many vital functions such as respiration & heart rate | medulla oblongata |
How long is the spinal cord? | 18 inches |
The spine extends from the ______ to the ______. | foramen magnum (base of the skull), L1 or L2 |
There are ______ pairs of spinal nerves that exit the spinal cord. | 31 |
The reflexes in which nerve impulses travel through the spinal cord only & don’t reach the brain. | Simple reflexes |
The impulses that enter the dorsal horns of the spinal cord. | sensory |
The impulses that leave through the ventral horns of the spinal cord | motor |
The system that assists the nervous system with homeostasis | endocrine system |
The system that plays important roles in growth and sexual maturation | endocrine system |
The gland that governs the pituitary & is controlled by the feedback of hormones in the blood. | hypothalamus |
Chemical messengers that control growth, differentiation & metabolism of specific target cells. | hormones |
2 major groups of hormones | steroid hormones & protein hormones |
The hormones that enter the target cells and have direct effect on DNA of the nucleus. | Steroid hormones |
The hormones that remain at cell surface and act through a second messenger AMP | Protein hormones |
Hormones affect cell activity by altering the rate of __________. | protein synthesis |
The cortisol released from the adrenal cortex reduces ______, raises ______ and inhibits release of _______. | body temperature, blood sugar level, histamine |
The master gland | pituitary gland |
The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus by the ________. | infundibulum |
2 major portion of the pituitary gland | anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) & posterior lobe (neurohypophysis). |
Hormones of the adenohypophysis | tropic hormones |
STH, GH, ACTH, THS, FSH, LH are all hormones of _________. | anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) |
Oxytocin & ADH are hormones of ______. | posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) |
Whole blood: ______ whole blood & ______ formed parts. | 55%, 45% |
What make up the formed elements of blood? | erythrocytes, leukocytes & platelets |
What are ways to distinguish leukocytes? | size, nucleus, staining properties, & presence/absence of visual cytoplasmic granules |
Leukocytes are active in ______ & ______. | phagocytosis & antibody formation |
_____ are active in blood clotting. | platelets |
Blood serves to transport _____ & _____ to body cells and to carry away ______ & ______. | oxygen & nutrients; CO2 & metabolic wastes |
______ contains 10% proteins, ions, nutrients, waste products & hormones. | proteins |
Double pump organ | heart |
The heart sends blood to the lungs for ______ through the pulmonary circuit & to the remainder through the ______ circuit. | oxygenation; systemic circuit |
Where blood is received | atria |
After blood is received by the atria, it is pumped into circulation by the ______. | ventricles |
Valve on the right side of the heart | tricuspid |
Valve on the left side of the heart | bicuspid |
_______ valves are found at the entrances of the pulmonary trunk & aorta. | Semilunar |
Blood is supplied to the myocardium (heart muscle) by the ______. | coronary arteries |
Blood drains from the myocardium directly into the right atrium through the _______. | coronary sinus |
The hears intrinsic beat is initiated by the ______. | SA node |
Device that measures the hearts wave of electrical activity | ECG |
The period from the end of one ventricular contraction to the end of the next ventricular contraction. | cardiac cycle |
The contraction phase of ventricular cycle | systole |
The relaxation phase of ventricular contraction | diastole |
carry blood away from the heart | arteries |
carry blood toward the heart | veins |
Microscopic vessels through which exchanges take place between the blood & cells of the body | capillaries |
The systemic arteries begin with the ______, which sends branches to all parts of the body. | aorta |
The smallest arteries | arterioles |
As arteries get further away from the heart, they become ______. | thinner |
The large veins that empty into the right atrium of the heart. | superior & inferior venae cavae |
The walls of the ______ are thick & elastic and carry blood under high pressure. | arteries |
Vasoconstriction & vasodilation result from constriction & relaxation of ________ in the arterial walls. | smooth muscle |
Vasoconstriction & vasodilation influence _____ & blood distribution to ________. | blood pressure; tissues |
Walls of ________ are thinner, less elastic & carry blood under lower pressure than arteries. | veins |
Mechanisms that help draw venous blood back to the heart: (3) | Pressure of skeletal muscle on veins; expansion of the chest during inhalation; valves in veins of legs that keep blood moving in a forward direction |
Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, diaphragm, muscles around the ribs & alveoli are all components of the ________ system. | respirator system |
What part of the brain controls respiration? | medulla |
The exchange of gases between the atmosphere and blood through alveoli. | external respiration |
The exchange of gasses between blood and body cells. | internal respiration |
_______ passage ways of the nasal cavity serves to warm, filter and moisten incoming air. | Upper |
The upper respiratory tubules are lined with ________ that keep dirt & debris from entering the lungs. | cilia |
The contraction of the diaphragm to enlarge the chest cavity & draw air into the lungs. | inhalation |
The process during which the lungs recoil as the respiratory muscles relax and the thorax decreases in size. | exhalation |
Apocrine glands secretion traps debris & bacteria causing _________. | odor |
Glands that release sebum through the hair follicles that lubricates the skin & prevents drying. | Sebaceous gland |
Oil is produced by ______ secretion. | holocrine |
Bones are classified by ______. | shape |
What kind of bone has an irregular epiphysis at each end, composed mainly of spongy bone & a shaft (diaphysis) composed of compact bone | long bone |
Cells that form compact bone | osteoblasts |
Axial skeleton consists of ______ bones of the skull. | 28 |
The bones of the axial skeleton are categorized as ______. | 14 facial bones & 14 cranium bones |
List the 14 facial bones | 2 nasal bones, 2 maxillary bones, 2 zygomatic bones, one mandible, 2 palatine bones, 1 vomer, 2 lacrimal bones, 2 inferior nasal conchae |
14 bones of the cranium | occipital, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, and the ossicles of the ear (mallus, incus, stapes) |
The axial skeleton also holds ______ bones of the vertebral column. | 33 |
# of cervical vertebrae | 7 |
# of thoracic vertebrae | 12 |
# of lumbar vertebrae | 5 |
# of sacral vertebrae | 5 |
Another name for coccygeal bone | tail bone |
Skeleton that houses girdles & limbs | appendicular skeleton |
The pectoral/shoulder girdle, clavicle, scapula & upper extremity are housed in the __________. | upper appendicular skeleton |
Most of the oxygen carried in the blood is bound to _________ in RBC’s. | hemoglobin |
Regulator of blood pH | CO2 |
The digestive tube | alimentary canal |
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, recutm & anus are components of the ____________. | alimentary canal/digestive tract |
Accessory organs of digestion | liver, pancreas, gallbladder |
Mechanical process of breaking down food with the teeth & tongue | mastication |
Substance that lubricates & dilutes chewed food | saliva |
Enzyme in saliva that starts digestion of complex carbohydrates | amylase |
A ball of food | bolus |
Narrow tube leading from the pharynx to stomach | esophagus |
4 main layers of the digestive tract (inner to outer) | mucous membrane, submucous layer, muscular layer and serous layer |
After food enters the stomach, gastric glands secrete ________ that breaks down food. | hydrocholoric acid |
The stomach churns & mixes the bolus, turning it into a soupy substance called ______. | chyme |
the stomach regulates the movement of food into the ______. | small intestine |
Where does digestion & absorption of food occur? | small intestine |
Digestion in the small intestine is acted on by enzymes from _______ & ______ and by bile from the ______. | small intestine & pancreas; liver |
The ________ contributes water to dilute chyme & bicarbonate ions to neutralize the acid from the stomach. | pancreas |
Regions of the small intestine | duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
Nutrients are absorbed through the wall of the __________. | small intestine |
The amino acids & simple sugars derived from proteins & carbohydrates are absorbed directly into ________. | blood |
Most fats are absorbed into the lymph by the ________. | lacteals |
After fats are absorbed & added to the blood stream, all nutrients enter the ________ to be routed to the _______ for decontamination. | hepatic portal vein; liver |
small finger-like projections that greatly increase surface area of the intestinal wall | villi |
Digestive organ that reabsorbs water and stores & eliminates undigested food. | large intestine |
Abundant bacteria of the large intestine | intestinal flora |
Portions of the large intestine | ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum |
opening for defecating | anus |
parts of the urinary system | 2 ureters, 2 kidneys, urethra, and urinary bladder |
The tubes that transport urine to the urinary bladder | ureters |
The place where urine is stored | urinary bladder |
How urine exits the body | urethra |
Functional units of the kidney | nephrons |
Nephrons are small coiled tubules that filter waste material out of the blood brought to the kidney by the ________. | renal artery |
the filtration process occurs through the ________ in the bowmans capsule of the nephron. | glomerulus |
Filtration of the blood occurs under the force of _______. | blood pressure |
As the glomerular filtrate passes through the nephron, components needed by the body leave the nephron by _______ & reenter the blood. | diffusion |
Water is reabsorbed at the _______ of the nephron. | tubules |
What is the final product of the nephrons? | urine |
2 functions of the reproductive system | production of gamates; production of hormones |
Functions of the sex organs are under control by ______ hormones. | tropic |
reproductive activity is ______ in women and ________ in men. | cyclic; continuous |
What are gamates formed by? | meiosis |
Where do spermatozoa develop? | seminiferous tubules of each testis |
The interstitial cells between the seminiferous tubules, produce _________. | testosterone |
Hormone that influences sperm cell development and produces body hair and deep voice. | testosterone |
Where are sperm stored? | epididymis |
Pathway for sperm during ejaculation | vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra |
Glands that produce semen | seminal vesicles, prostate gland, cowpers gland |
Hormones that control testicular activity | FSH & LH |
Hormone that stimulates sperm production | FSH |
Hormone that stimulates intersitial cells to produce testosterone. | LH |
__________ produced by the follicle initiates the preparation of the endometrium of the uterus for pregnancy. | estrogen |
At day ______ of the cycle, LH is released from the _______, which stimulates ovulation and the coversion of the follicle to the _______. | 14; pituitary; corpus luteum |
What hormone is secreted by the corpus luteum? | progesterone |
After ovulation, the egg is swept into the __________. | fallopian tube |
If fertilization occurs, it occurs while the egg is in the ________. | oviduct |
Name for a fertilized egg | zygote |
In the uterus, the developing embryo is nourished by the ______, which is formed by materials and embryonic tissues. | placenta |
Cavity composed of the abdomen & pelvis | abdominopelvic cavity |
Movement of nutrients from the digestive tube into the bloodstream. | absorption |
Protein making up the I band of the sarcomere | actin |
Building block of proteins | amino acid |
Special proteins that protect the body from foreign substances. | antibody |
Adenosine triphosphate, which is the energy of the cell | ATP |
Upper chambers of the heart | atria |
Product of the liver that emulsifies fat | bile |
Tissue made of cells & fibers that connect and support | cartilage |
Gland of the ear that produces earwax | Ceruminous gland |
Bodies within the nucleus made of DNA and proteins called histones. | chromosomes |
Nervous system made up of the brain & spinal cord | CNS |
Imaginary line passing through the body from head to toe that divides the body into front & back portions | coronal plane |
Body containing the brain | cranial cavity |
Dome-shaped breathing muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. | diaphragm |
Movement of materials from high concentration to lower concentration | diffusion |
The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food | digestion |
Crescent-shaped projection of gray matter within the spinal cord where sensory neurons enter the spinal cord | dorsal horn |
Prenatal development time between the zygote and the fetus | embryo |
Inner lining of the uterus | endometrium |
Functional proteins; names usually end in -ase | enzymes |
A passage in the skull bone through which the spinal cord enters the spinal column | foramen magnum |
The blood cells | formed elements |
Simple sugar found in certain foods, especially fruits | glucose |
Physiologic steady state that is naturally maintained within the body | homeostasis |
Portion of the brain that regulates body temperature, sleep and appetite | hypothalamus |
Articulates between adjoining bones | joints |
Though, fibrous, insoluble protein forming the primary component of skin, hair, nails and tooth enamel | keratin |
Dead cells of the epidermis | keratinized epithelium |
Found within the villi of intestinal wall, where fat nutrients are absorbed | lacteal vessel |
Tissue connecting bone to bone | ligaments |
An imaginary line dividing the body into left and right portions | median plane |
Space within the thoracic cavity that houses all the organs of the chest except the lungs | mediastinum |
Thin sheets of tissue cells that line the body openings or canals that open to the outside of the body. | Mucous membrane |
Protein that makes up nearly half of the proteins in muscle cells | myosin |
Mouth; AKA buccal cavity | oral cavity |
Cavities surrounding the eyes | orbits |
Structurally discrete component of a cell that performs a specific function | organelle |
Measurement associated with acids and bases | pH |
Engulfing of materials by certain cells of the body | phagocytosis |
Liquid portion of the blood | plasma |
Blood flow through a network of vessels between the heart and the lungs for the oxygenation of blood and the removal of CO2 | Pulmonary circulation |
Organelle of the cell where protein synthesis takes place | ribosomes |
An imaginary line running from the front to back that divides the body into left and right sections. | sagittal plane |
Organelle of the muscle fiber that stores calcium. | sarcoplasmic reticulum |
Oil glands of the skin | sebaceous glands |
Thin sheets of tissue that line body cavities not having to exist to the outside | serous membrane |
The backbone that protects the spinal cord, which runs inside of it. | Spinal column |
Layer of tissue under the dermis that contains adipose tissue | subcutaneous tissue |
Sweat glands | sudiferous glands |
Loose, connective tissue that lines the joint cavity | synovial membrane |
General blood circulation of the body, not including the lungs | systemic circulation |
The chest cavity | thoracic cavity |
Imaginary line dividing the body into top and bottom portions | transverse plane |
Narrowing of the diameter of a blood vessel | vasoconstriction |
Widening of the diameter of a blood vessel | vasodilation |
Anterior columns of the gray matter of the spinal cord | Ventral horns |
Lower chambers of the heart | ventricles |
The fertilized egg, from the time it is fertilized until its implanted into the urterus | zygote |
The ankle is ______ in relation to the knee. | distal |
The serous membrane surrounding the heart. | pericardium |
The actively mitotic layer of the epidermis. | stratum germinativum |
What is the total number of phalanges? | 56 |
the flexor carpi ulnaris located? | wrist |
The master gland | pituitary |
The largest gland of the human body | liver |
The storage area of urine | urinary bladder |
The portion of the uterus under direct hormonal effect. | endometrium. |
The contraction of the diaphragm to enlarge the chest cavity and draw air into the lungs | inhalation |
The process during which the lungs recoil as the respiratory muscles relax and the thorax decreases in size. | exhalation |